Diagnosis, Treatment and Pregnancy Follow-Up in Women's Health

Published: 07.01.2023 · Last Updated: 05.08.2026 · Prepared by the Academic Hospital Web and Editorial Board.

The Gynecology and Obstetrics Department covers women's reproductive health: the diagnosis and treatment of gynecological diseases, pregnancy follow-up and the management of childbirth. It offers a broad clinical range, from routine gynecological check-ups to complex hormonal disorders and from early pregnancy to high-risk delivery. Working in coordination with the Perinatology, Urogynecology and Medical Oncology departments, the Academic Hospital gynecology team provides comprehensive assessment at every stage of women's health.

Academic Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Department

Contents

What Is the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department?
Which Diseases and Conditions Are Treated?
When Should You Consult a Specialist?
Diagnostic Methods
Treatment Approaches
Gynecology and Obstetrics at Academic Hospital
Frequently Asked Questions
References

What Is the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department?

Gynecology and obstetrics (OB/GYN) is the specialty that diagnoses and treats diseases affecting the organs of the female reproductive system (uterus, ovaries, tubes, cervix and vagina) and hormonal health. Obstetrics covers birth and pregnancy, while gynecology covers diseases of the reproductive system. Both preventive and therapeutic health services are provided across a wide age range extending from adolescence to menopause. The comprehensive gynecological examination offered by the department allows many conditions that threaten women's health to be detected at an early stage.

Which Diseases and Conditions Are Treated?

Menstrual disorders (irregular periods, painful periods, abnormal bleeding)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Endometriosis
Uterine fibroids: medical monitoring and treatment
Ovarian cysts and ovarian tumours
Screening and follow-up for cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer
Assessment of infertility and referral where required
Vaginal infections and sexually transmitted diseases
Pregnancy follow-up (first, second and third trimester)
Management of vaginal birth and caesarean section
Management of menopause and perimenopause
Osteoporosis screening and hormonal health assessment
Pelvic pain and chronic gynecological complaints

When Should You Consult a Specialist?

A gynecological assessment is recommended in the following situations:

An irregular menstrual cycle (intervals longer than 35 days or shorter than 21 days)
Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding
Vaginal bleeding outside menstruation or bleeding after menopause
Pain, bloating or a feeling of pressure in the pelvic area
Abnormal vaginal discharge
No pregnancy despite 12 months of regular sexual intercourse
No Pap smear test in the last 3 years (routine screening)
Signs of menopause: hot flushes, night sweats, sleep problems, mood changes

Emergency: Vaginal bleeding, severe pelvic pain, or headache, visual disturbance and swelling of the hands and face developing during pregnancy require urgent medical attention.

Diagnostic Methods

Different diagnostic tools are used in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department according to the clinical picture.

Method	What it is used for
Gynecological examination and Pap smear	Forms the basis of routine cervical cancer screening; abnormal changes in cervical cells are detected at an early stage.
Transvaginal ultrasound	Assesses the uterus, ovaries and pelvic structures in detail; used for fibroids, cysts, endometrial thickness and early monitoring of pregnancy.
HPV DNA test	Identifies the human papillomavirus types that increase the risk of cervical cancer.
Hormone panel	FSH, LH, oestradiol, progesterone, AMH, testosterone and prolactin levels; used in the assessment of PCOS, infertility and menopause.
Colposcopy	Magnified examination of the cervix when an abnormal Pap smear is detected, with biopsy where necessary.
Endometrial biopsy	Taking a tissue sample from the inner surface of the uterus in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding or increased endometrial thickness.
Hysteroscopy	A minimally invasive method that visualises the inside of the uterus directly and allows treatment where required.
Blood tests	CA-125 (ovarian tumour marker), thyroid function, hormone tests, full blood count and coagulation tests are requested according to the clinical picture.

Treatment Approaches

The treatment plan is determined by the diagnosis, the patient's age, her pregnancy plans and the severity of the symptoms.

Approach	What is done
Hormonal treatment	Oral contraceptives, progestins and hormone replacement therapy are used in the management of PCOS, endometriosis, menstrual irregularities and menopause.
Fibroid management	Asymptomatic fibroids are monitored; in symptomatic cases, medical treatment (GnRH analogues, SPRMs) or surgery (myomectomy or hysterectomy) is considered.
Menopause management	Hormonal or non-hormonal treatment options are planned according to symptom severity and any contraindications.
Infertility assessment	Work is coordinated with the assisted reproduction centre for ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI) or assisted reproductive technology (IVF).
Pregnancy follow-up	Ultrasound, biochemical screening and fetal surveillance according to trimester; high-risk pregnancies are monitored jointly with the perinatology department.
Cancer screening and management	Coordination with the oncology council is provided in the case of an abnormal smear, a colposcopy finding or a suspicious ultrasound result.

Joint management is provided with the Perinatology Department for pregnancy complications and with the Medical Oncology Department for gynecological oncology.

Assessment for gynecological examination, pregnancy follow-up and menopause counselling is provided at the Academic Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Department.

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Gynecology and Obstetrics at Academic Hospital

At the Academic Hospital Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, routine gynecological check-ups, pregnancy follow-up, delivery management and menopause counselling are carried out under one roof. The department works routinely with the following units:

Perinatology and High-Risk Pregnancies: joint follow-up of high-risk pregnancies and detailed fetal assessment
Urogynecology: assessment of pelvic floor problems and urinary incontinence complaints
Medical Oncology: joint treatment planning in gynecological cancers
Menopause: long-term follow-up of the perimenopausal and menopausal period
Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases: joint management of PCOS, thyroid and metabolic disorders
Breast Diseases and Surgery: breast screening and further assessment of any findings
Neonatal Intensive Care: follow-up of newborns requiring care after delivery

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should a gynecological examination be performed?

A routine gynecological examination is recommended every year. The Pap smear test can be performed every 3 years in women aged 21 to 65, or every 5 years together with HPV testing. However, this frequency may change according to individual risk factors and screening results.

Can a woman with PCOS become pregnant?

Yes. PCOS is a treatable condition that may lead to infertility when there is a problem with ovulation. With weight management, lifestyle changes and, where necessary, ovulation induction, many women with PCOS conceive successfully. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important parts of the process.

Does a fibroid always require surgery?

No. Many fibroids cause no symptoms and are simply monitored. The treatment decision is based on the size, growth rate, number and location of the fibroid and on the patient's age and symptoms. In some patients, medical treatment options can be used as an alternative to surgery or as a preparatory stage.

When does menopause begin and how is it recognised?

Menopause is defined as 12 consecutive months without menstruation and occurs at an average age of 51 in Turkey. Perimenopause may begin years earlier; hot flushes, night sweats, sleep disturbance and irregular periods are the signs of this period. For a definitive diagnosis, the FSH level and clinical assessment are sufficient.

What is endometriosis and when should it be suspected?

Endometriosis is the growth of the tissue lining the inner surface of the uterus outside the uterus (on the ovaries, tubes or around the bowel). Severe menstrual pain, pelvic pain outside menstruation, pain during intercourse and unexplained infertility are the main symptoms. Transvaginal ultrasound and MRI assist in diagnosis; the definitive diagnosis is made by laparoscopy. Early diagnosis and treatment are critically important for pain management and preservation of fertility.

How is the decision made between vaginal birth and caesarean section?

The mode of delivery is determined by the position and weight of the baby, the location of the placenta, the mother's pelvic structure, previous birth history and medical indications. In pregnancies without complications, vaginal birth is preferred. However, an indication for caesarean section may arise in situations such as a non-cephalic presentation, placenta previa, active genital infection or a previous caesarean section, and in emergencies that develop during follow-up. The decision is taken together with the assessments made throughout the pregnancy.

Appointment and Information

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References

The general information given on this page about gynecological diseases, diagnostic methods, pregnancy follow-up and menopause management is supported by the reliable health sources listed below.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), "Gynecology Guidelines", acog.org
European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), "PCOS Guideline", eshre.eu
World Health Organization, "Reproductive Health", who.int

The information on this page is for informational purposes only; it does not replace medical examination, diagnosis or treatment. Please consult a healthcare institution regarding your complaints.